What are CSS-Variables?

Overview and History

Initially CSS lacked support for native variables, which led developers turn to CSS Preprocessors like SAAS which solved this problem through the use of preprocessor variables.

CSS Variables are used just like any other variable in a different language, i.e. to assign a certain value to then and reference that value later. (The value is not actually stored )

Also called Custom Properties or Cascading Variables. (So, we may use them interchangeably in this blog post.)

How to Define and Use CSS Variables, & what are Scopes for CSS Variables?

In Javascript we usually declare and intialize a variable in one of the following ways:

But in CSS, we don't use any such keyword like let, const, var; instead we just use 2 hyphens (dashes --) before the user-defined variable name and put them in a scope.
Yes scope, just like in Javascript we've scopes like function scope, block scope, global scope we also have scopes in CSS.

Here we've used the :root selector. It targets the top element of the DOM and hence has a global scope. Similarly we can have other local scopes based on different CSS Selectors.

But then the question for specificity arises, like suppose we've the same CSS-property defined at the global level as well as the local level, then which value will be preferred?

For that consider the following code snippet.

Here we can notice a lot of things:

How to access a CSS- Variable.

Local variables have higher precedence over global ones.

We can use the property and declare it later, and CSS will still consider it, like in case of div.

Accessing CSS Variables using var()

As seen above, we can access the CSS Variable defined above using the var() function.
var() function takes the property name as argument, retrieves it's value from the stylesheet if it's present and replaces it with the actual CSS-Property.
Hence unlike other languages variables in CSS, don't store values, they just replace it with the actual CSS value when used.

var() can also be used to provide a fallback value in case the property is missing.

Using CSS Variables inside Javascript

Consider the following Codepen for understanding how to access and change CSS-Variable in Javascript.

To get the value of a custom property at runtime, use the getPropertyValue() method of the computed CSSStyleDeclaration object.

To set the value of custom property at runtime, use the setProperty() method of the CSSStyleDeclaration object.

Benefits of using CSS Variables in your code:

Consider the following CSS Code.

Now, having looked at both the ways of using CSS i.e. with and without the use of CSS Variables, let's see what benefits we get using CSS-Variables over CSS without it.
1. Ease of maintainability:
Let's say you've put in hours of work to select appropriate styles and colors and all of a sudden the requirement for that styling changes. You'll have to go through the entire project to change the colors and styling, but suppose if you've used CSS variables, you could've changed the value of the CSS property once and it would reflect at all places.
2. Code becomes more readable:
As we can see above, the variables are user-defined so they can contain semantic meaning, and hence using these variables makes more sense as it is becomes much easier to understand and maintiain.

How are native CSS variables different from Preprocessor variables like SAAS?

One of the main difference is Native CSS Variables can be modified at runtime dynamically.

Define CSS-Properties inside media-queries. For other differences please look at the following section for an amazing article on CSS-Tricks

Further Reading: